What are ulcers, and what causes them?

Ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, upper small intestine, or oesophagus. The most common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin. Other contributing factors can include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and high stress levels.

What are the common symptoms of a stomach ulcer?

Some of the typical symptoms of a stomach ulcer are: Burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen Bloating and belching Nausea or vomiting Loss of appetite and weight loss In some severe cases, vomiting blood or having black, tarry stools

How are ulcers diagnosed?

Ulcers are typically diagnosed through a combination of: Medical history and symptom review Physical examination Tests for H. pylori infection (breath, blood, or stool tests) Endoscopy to visualize the ulcer and possibly take a biopsy

Can ulcers heal on their own without treatment?

While some mild ulcers may temporarily improve, they rarely heal completely without proper treatment. Without addressing the underlying cause—such as H. pylori infection or continued use of NSAIDs—ulcers can persist or worsen. Medical treatment significantly accelerates healing and reduces the risk of complications.

Are ulcers preventable?

Many ulcers can be prevented by following these strategies: Limiting or avoiding NSAIDs and using alternatives like paracetamol when possible. Avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, both of which can irritate the stomach lining. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and consuming safe, clean food to avoid H. pylori infection. Managing stress with techniques like meditation, exercise, or therapy.

What dietary changes can help manage or prevent ulcers?

A balanced diet can play a key role in managing ulcer symptoms and supporting healing. Recommended changes include eating smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding trigger foods such as caffeine, spicy dishes, acidic fruits, and fried foods, choosing bland, easy-to-digest items like bananas, oats, and rice, including foods with probiotics, such as yogurt, which may help fight H. pylori.